Watergate chronology Essay Example For Students

Watergate chronology Essay January20,1969 Richard M. Nixon elected the thirty-seventh president of the United States 1969 Ehrlichman suggests to Caulfield that he leave the White House and set up aprivate security business that would provide security to the 1972 Nixoncampaign. This project, Sandwedge, would be similar to the Kennedy securityfirm, Intertel. June 5, 1970With the goal of increasing cooperation between various intelligence agencieswithin the government, a meeting was called in the Oval Office. Those inAttendance: Richard Nixon, J. Edgar Hoover, Richard Helms, and chiefs of theNSA and the DIA. Nixon aide Tom Charles Huston was assigned to work withthe heads of these agencies to facilitate increased cooperation. We will write a custom essay on Watergate chronology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now early July,1970The Huston Plan sent to the President. This plan was an addition made byHuston to a plan endorsed by Hoover and Helms (NSA and DIA as well?). Hustons addition called for electronic surveillance, monitoring activities,surreptitious entries, recruitment of more campus informants, et al. July 14, 1970Nixon endorses the Huston PlanJuly 27, 1970Hoover visits John Mitchell. Mitchell hears about the Huston plan for the firsttime. Mitchell later goes to Nixon and urges the President to Stop the plan. Nixon later cancelled the plan. September17, 1970Mitchell met with John Dean. Mitchell discussed the poor job that the FBI wasdoing in the area domestic intelligence. This followed a conversation betweenMitchell, Helms and others from the CIA on a similar topic. September18, 1970John Dean sends a memo to John Mitchell in which he offers a plan forintelligence gathering. The most appropriate procedure would be to decide on the type ofintelligence we need, based on an assessment of the recommendations ofthis unit, and then to proceed to remove the restraints as neccessary toobtain such intelligence. May 3, 1971Following Nixons decision concerning Laos, Anti-Vietnam activists attempt toshutdown Washington by blocking roads with stalled cars, human blockades,garbage cans, and other materials. The protests result in over 12,000 arrests. John Dean headed up the White House intelligence gathering during this protest. June 13,1971The New York Times begins publication of excerpts from The PentagonPapers. The Pentagon Papers was a 7,000 page document that was first commissionedby Robert McNamara in June of 1967 for future scholars to use. The Paperswere leaked to the Times by Daniel Ellsberg. Although there were many crucialdocuments that were not included, the Papers did include documents from theDefense Department, the State Department, the CIA, and the White House. June 14,1971John Mitchell sends a telegram to the New York Times. Arthur Ochs SulzbergerPresident and PublisherThe New York TimesNew York New YorkI have been advised by the Secretary of Defense that the material published inThe New York Times on June 13, 14, 1971 captioned Key Texts FromPentagons Vietnam Study contains information relating to the national defenseof the United States and bears a top secret classification. As such, publication of this information is directly prohibited by the provisionsof the Espionage law, Title 18, United States Code, Section 793. Moreover further publication of information of this character will causeirreparable injury to the defense interests of the United States. Accordingly, I respectfully request that you publish no further information of thischaracter and advise me that you have made arrangements for the return ofthese documents to the Department of Defense. John W. MitchellAttorney GeneralThe New York Times declined Mitchells request. July, 1971 Ehrlichman appoints Young and Egil Bud Krogh, Jr. to direct a S pecialInvestigations Unit to investigate the leak of the Pentagon Papers. Young andKroghs group become known as the plumbers. August 16,1971John Dean writes the memorandum Dealing with our Political Enemies wherehe describes how we can use the available federal machinery to screw ourpolitical enemies.Sept. 3, 1971Break in of the office of Lewis Fielding, Daniel Ellsbergs psychiatrist, in LosAngeles led by Hunt and Liddy. The goal was to seek information that wouldbe damaging to Ellsberg. .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 , .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 .postImageUrl , .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 , .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04:hover , .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04:visited , .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04:active { border:0!important; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04:active , .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04 .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua06d3d31eb234d0e58f5c5ebe924ee04:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Plagiarism Activity EssayOctober,1971 Colson asks Dean to investigate the Happy Hooker ring in New York tosee if

Antrax essays

Antrax essays Antrax is a rough infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a positive gram bacteria, aerobe formed from endospores, encapsulated, that can be half ordinary cultivated. The vegetative cell is large (1-8 microns in longitude, 1-1.5 microns wide). The size of a spore is approximately 1 micron. Spores grow rapidly in all cultivated ordinary labs at 37degrees celcius. Its cell morphology and colonial allows its identification by an experienced microbiologist, even though few microbiologists outside of the vetinary community have seen antrax colonies more than in text books. The three virulence factores are: the edema toxin, the deadly toxin and a capsular antigenic. Etymology: Anthracis originated from the Greek word for carbon, anthrakis, because the disease causes black superficial injuries like carbon. The toxic properties of B. anthracis were not recognized until 1954. Previously, due to the tremendous number of observed bacteria in infected animal blood (>109 bacteria/ ml), it was supposed that death was due to the capillary obstruction, But experimentaly it was demonstrated that only approximately 3 million cells/ml are necessary to cause the animals death. Besides, the animals plasmic infection cells contain a toxic that causes antrax symptoms when it is injected in normal rabbits. From these observations it is concluded that exotoxin plays an important role in the pathogeny of antrax. Cepas: There are two even varient colonial(s) a rough(r) that are related with the ability to form a capsule. The R varients are relativaly avirulent. The capsule is not toxic, it acts as protectionj against phagocytosis and it plays its most important role during the establishment of the disease, and a less significant role in the last phase of the disease that is measured by antrax toxin. An antrax toxin component has a deadly action form that at this time is not discovered. Death is apparantly due to th ...

Classical Era Reflection Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Classical Era Reflection - Research Paper Example The major theorists of scientific (management) perspective believed there is one best way to do everything – and that is the most efficient way Those theorists believed they could determine that method via whatever means they were using or purported was the best method to study the task. Those theorists of the scientific perspective discussed first are F. W. Taylor, H. L. Gantt, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and Hugo Munsterberg. Frederick W. Taylor’s philosophy led the way for many others in using scientific and mathematical methods applied to workers, attempting to match a person’s abilities to a job in the best way possible, instituting a mutual self-interest mind-set that had never existed and improving employee productivity through incentives (Locke, 1982; Wren & Bedeian, 2009). Crain (2003) says that Taylor was noted for his scientific approach, his ability to solve problems, and his ability to invent things. His thought was that â€Å"measurement increased productivity† (p. 45). In one example, the test subject â€Å"increased production by 400 per cent while receiving 60 percent more in pay†. Taylor was best known for his stopwatch, but he believed that money is what the workers craved and they were determined to get it. Companies at that time glossed over the downside of Taylor’s efficiency gains and put increased productivity over ethics. Philosophical discussions took place and he wrote about it in The Principles of Scientific Management. He believed that ultimately improving efficiency improved society. Hodgetts (1995) analyzed ten U.S. organizations against Taylor’s principles and found that â€Å"each in its own way used Taylor’s four principles to help focus their total quality management strategy† (p. 218). The four principles are summarized as follows: 1. Develop a science for each part of a person’s work, replacing â€Å"a rule of thumb method† (p. 218). 2. Scientifical ly pick and train employees rather than allow employees to arrive and work as they wish. 3. Cooperate with employees to ensure work is done according to scientific guidelines. 4. Divide work as equally as possible. Allow management time to oversee the work of the employees and shoulder the responsibility of holding others accountable. Henry Laurence Gantt worked closely with F. W. Taylor. Gantt brought a human quality into the scientific side of Taylor’s work. Gantt developed a bonus pay structure for the employee who completed their piece rate work for the day and was able to complete more than the assigned tasks. With Gantt’s methods of the use of incentives for employees â€Å"production was often doubled† (Wren & Bedeian, 2009, p. Fax 2). Frank Gilbreth differed from Taylor in that Gilbreth used time motion studies where Taylor used a stop watch and was using only time rather than time motion. Gilbreth was best known for establishing the hope of finding the one best (most efficient) way to do any and every task (Wren & Bedeian, 2009). Lillian Gilbreth, PhD, continued the work the two of them conducted even after Frank’s death and she later became published. Hugo Munsterberg was the father of industrial psychology as we know it today. He believed psychological themes could be applied in the workplace. In 2009, The New Yorker published an article describing in detail the events of Classical

Universities and how they are funded PowerPoint Presentation

Universities and how they are funded - PowerPoint Presentation Example The same applies to several Master’s programmes for EU-EEA, Swiss and Finnish students. Erasmus Mundus programmes attract fees for non-EU students, but eligible to Erasmus Mundus Scholarship by application. In general European Union students have the same rights in another EU State. Thus, European Union citizens are involuntarily entitled to education in other European Union’s member states: therefore should not be paying more tuition fees and they must always be able to access a residence permit. Despite European Union financial crisis, its government has managed to present multi annual financial framework for 2014 to 2020 to its Education system that proposes to increase education and training funds by 70%. This is equivalent to 17 billion Euros to support cooperation between institutions, transnational learning mobility, implementation of education policies in the Member States and modernization of education. Alzheimer Europe, 2009, August 21, â€Å"The four main approaches,† Retrieved July 5, 2012, from Alzheimer Europe: http://www.alzheimer-europe.org/Research/Understanding-dementia-research/Types-of-research/The-four-main-approachesAtwater, M., Freeman, B., Butler, B. & Draper-Morris, J. (2010). A case study of science teacher candidates’ understandings and actions related to the culturally responsive teaching of ‘Other’ students. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education , 5 (3),

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Management - Essay Example Enron was a Fortune 500 company and was in #7 in 2001 was deleted from New York Stock Exchange. According to the mangers of Enron who reviewed the accounts of the company, during California energy crisis Enron has kept undisclosed reserves of up to $1.5 billion in trading profits. Enron came under fire from politicians of price gouging. The hidden reserves would have doubled the Enron's reported profits. It is also reported that Enron manipulated reports on reserves to have steady profit growth to Wall Street and credit rating agencies. The executives also claimed that the reserves were held back and used to fulfil the political and financial ends. In 1990 Enron reported its total revenue as $10 billion and in the next subsequent ten years it grew by $101 billion. It emerged as one of the fast growing companies in the United States. The main reasons for its collapse is not due to the core energy operations but the company's new ventures in dot com sector and investments Internet and communication business. According to investigators of the security of exchange commission gone into investigate the case, have interviewed witnesses to come to a conclusion that the methods or practices violated the laws for doctoring quarterly earning refers to start cookie jar reserves. The existence of Enron reserves puts strange twist to it.

Nursing Processes for Emesis Management

Nursing Processes for Emesis Management Nausea and vomiting are common complications of multiple conditions, procedures, therapies, and events such as motion sickness, pregnancy, anesthesia (general, regional, or local) or radio/chemotherapy. Symptoms can be debilitating for many patients, and in the case of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) physical damage may result, such as rupture of sutures, stitches, and esophageal tissue, and metabolic problems, such as electrolyte imbalances and dehydration (Golembiewski et al, 2005; Gan 2006). In severe cases of PONV, although rare, aspiration of gastric contents may occur, resulting in pulmonary sequelae, such as pneumonia or pneumothorax (Scuderi and Conlay 2003; Bremner and Kumar 1993). Thus effective treatment of PONV, possibly through multimodal antiemetic prophylaxis, is an important are of research (Skledar et al. 2007). This essay will consider two commonly used, well-recognized antiemetic treatments namely cyclizine and prochlorperazine. Both represent very old drug therapies, with cyclizine having been launched as an antiemetic in 1953, and prochlorperazine as an antipsychotic in 1957 (Broccatelli, 2010), its use as an effective antiemetic emerging soon thereafter (Finn et al, 2005). These drugs are commonly used on most wards in my practice setting and therefore it is vital for nursing staff to understand their respective pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. Prior to prescribing it is also important that the nurse have relevant knowledge regarding how these drugs work, how their PD and PK properties are altered by disease processes such as kidney/liver failure and whether there are any relevant contraindications or precautions. Additionally, the potential for drug-drug interactions and the dose appropriate for the patients age and weight should be ascertained if beneficial pati ent orientated outcomes are to be achieved. These issues will be comprehensively discussed within this essay. Pharmacology of emesis There are a plethora of drugs on the market to treat emesis, however, deciding upon an appropriate and effective treatment for patients requires the cause of the underlying nausea and vomiting to be ascertained. This is because the symptoms can manifest as a result of a number of underlying pharmacological processes, as will now be described. Vomiting is a complex reflex action controlled by the vomiting centre (VC) in the medulla region of the brain, an important part of which is the chemotrigger zone (CTZ); stimulation of this in turn leads to VC stimulation which ultimately leads to vomiting (Goodman Gilman, 1996). Neurotransmitter mediated stimulation of the VC can arise from both peripheral and central impulses (Shanbhag, 2008). Thus gastrointestinal irritation, motion sickness and vestibular neuritis all manifest in nausea and vomiting as a result of neurotransmitter release. The three main neurotransmitters involved in the control of vomiting are acetylcholine (ACh; via muscarinic-receptors), dopamine (via dopaminergic receptors), histamine (via H-1 receptors), and serotonin (via 5-HT3 receptors) (Shanbhag, 2008). Inhibition or antagonism of these receptors achieves emetic control. The VC has neurons which are rich in muscarinic cholinergic and histamine containing synapses and is directly stimulated by the vestibular input (e.g. through motion sickness), whilst dopamine and serotonin release are involved in the visceral stimuli pathway (e.g. through chemotherapy treatment) and also in the CTZ stimulation pathway as shown in Figure 1. Thus drug classifications of anti-emetics arise on the basis of which of the three pathways that they target (Flake et al., 2004). Selective serotonin receptor antagonists and antidopaminergics target the visceral stimuli and the CTZ, whilst the antihistamines and anticholinergics target the vestibular input pathway (Hornby , 2001; Flake et al., 2004). Etiology of Nausea and Vomiting Cyclizines anti-emetic effects are not fully understood but it is thought that it works by blocking the transmission of information from the labyrinthine apparatus in the inner ear (i.e. the vestibular pathway) to the VC (Goodman and Gillman, 1996). Cyclizine may also target the CTZ and it thought to exhibit some ACh muscarinic receptor blockade which probably contribute to the antiemetic potential thus operating at several pathophysiological levels. However, a side effect of ACh blockade is sedation in some individuals along with the potential for certain deliriant and hallucinogenic effects, probably responsible for cyclizines abuse potential (Bailey and Davies, 2008). Cyclizine produces its antiemetic effect within two hours and it lasts approximately four hours (emc, n.d.). The exact mechanism of prochlorperazines antiemetic action is also unclear, but the drug is thought to inhibit apomorphine induced vomiting by blocking dopamine D2 receptors centrally in the CTZ and possibly peripherally through dopaminergic receptors in the intestine (Perwitasari, 2011).   However, it also has some potential to block anticholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors, and therefore can also result in sedation along with muscle relaxation, and orthostatic hypotension (Kelly, 2000). Following intramuscular administration prochlorperazine has an onset of action within ten to twenty minutes and a duration of action of three to four hours (globalrph, n.d.). Indications and dosage form Cyclizine is indicated for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness (BNF, 2012; emc, n.d.). It is given by mouth at a dose of 50mg tablets up to three times a day or parenterally as a 50mg in 1ml solution intramuscular (im) or intravenous (iv) injection again at a frequency of up to 3 times a day (Reynolds, 1993). The recommended dose in children aged 6-12 years is lower: 25 mg up to 3 times daily. For motion sickness, it is recommended that tablets be taken 1-2 hours before departure. Cyclizine can also be given for vertigo and, morning sickness in pregnancy, and to combat  opioid nausea. It is also prescribed for radiation sickness (medsafe, n.d.) and PONV (Cholwill et al., 1999), indeed it is given iv before the induction of general anaesthesia at half the recommended dose, to increase the lower oesophageal sphincter tone thus reducing the hazard of regurgitation and aspiration of gastric contents (medsafe, n.d.). Although prochlorperazine is classified as an antipsychotic, its principal use nowadays is in the treatment of severe nausea and vomiting of various causes including, PONV, vertigo and motion sickness (BNF, 2012). It has several dosage forms: tablet (5mg: one or two tablets 3-4 times daily), syrup (5mg in 5ml: 5-10 ml 3-4 times daily), suppositories (25mg twice daily), dissolvable tablet (buccal tablet 3mg: one or two tablets twice a day in adults and children aged 12 years and over), im injection (12.5mg in 1ml; 5-10mg repeated every 3-4 hours with a maximum daily dose of 40mg) and iv injection (2.5 -10 mg by slow IV injection or infusion  with a maximum daily dose of 40mg). The oral (and buccal) route is the only method of administration recommended for children, and it is not recommended in children younger than  12 years (BNF, 2012). The different dosage form of prochlorperazine provides the nurse with flexibility for example the elderly and children may prefer the syrup or b uccal tablet, or in dysphagia suppositories or intra-muscular injections could be more appropriate. Cyclizine and prochlorperazine are both considered first line treatments for nausea secondary to vertigo and motion sickness (Quigley, 2001) and are first line treatments in many hospitals in PONV (NHS, Salisbury; NHS Plymouth). A review by Matchar, et al. (2003) has suggested that oral prochloperazine may also be used as an adjunct in the treatment of nausea associated with migraine (Matchar et al, n.d.). No randomized controlled trial has been found which formally compares efficacy of cyclizine and prochlorperazine, however, two studies comparing cyclizine with perphenazine in ameliorating drug-induced emesis, have shown the former to have comparable antiemetic efficacy to this related phenothiazine drug (Dundee et al., 1975; Chestnutt and Dundee, 1986). These studies are featured in a Cochrane report (Stevenson, 2006) which investigates drugs for preventing PONV and highlights eight drugs which reduce PONV by a similar amount in this patient group, cyclizine being one. The report concluded, therefore, that the most important question to answer when treating emesis is What are the types and risks of side effects experienced by patients exposed to these antiemetics? Thus safe and effective prescribing requires the nurse to identify patient variables or comorbidities relevant to the drugs side effects, for example heart failure patients should not be prescribed cyclizine and individuals susceptible to visual disturbances should avoid prochlorperazine as per the drugs contraindications. It is noteworthy that both drugs may be prescribed in the later stages of pregnancy if considered appropriate by a doctor (Schaefer, 2007; CKS, n.d.).  [1]   The choice of antiemetic would depend upon the precise cause of the nausea in conjunction with the specific receptor affected. However, since several different neurotransmitters stimulate the CTZ, combining drugs with different mechanisms of action can often be more effective than increasing the dose of one individual drug (King and Brucker 2011). Indeed, combinations of antiemetics are often used in palliative care (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Notably, vomiting of unclear or mixed origin may respond to a phenothiazine such as prochlorperazine because, in addition to acting on dopamine and serotonin receptors in the CTZ, it also acts at the VC and vestibular area. Cyclizine and prochlorperazine are both commonly used anti-emetics in palliative care where nausea and vomiting are present in up to 70% of patients with advanced cancer (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Treating this patient population requires particular vigilance, since there may be a number of underlying reasons for and comorbidities contributing to the nausea and vomiting, and antiemetics may be inappropriate. Consideration for causes of the symptoms might include intestinal obstruction or constipation, anxiety, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), oesophageal candida, severe pain or hypercalcaemia all of which might warrant interventions other then antiemetics. Conversely, should the nausea and vomiting be identified as drug induced, then anti-emetics such as cyclyzine or prochlorperazine might be appropriate. Raised intracranial pressure stimulates vomiting centre via pressure receptors and can be problematic in patients with known or suspected brain metastases. Notable, cyclizine can be g iven to such patients, especially where corticosteroids are contraindicated (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Pharmacokinetics Cyclizine, like most antihistamines, is well absorbed from the GI tract. After oral doing the effects develop within 30 minutes, are maximal within 1-2 hours and lasts for 4-6 hours. A single oral dose of 50 mg cyclizine in healthy adult volunteers resulted in a peak plasma concentration of approximately 70 ng/mL, occurring at about two hours after drug administration. The plasma elimination half-life is approximately 20 hours.  [2]  Cyclizine is extensively metabolised in the liver via N-demethylation to the inactive metabolite norcyclizine (Figure 4), which is widely distributed throughout the tissues and has plasma half-life of approximately 20 hours. This metabolite has minor antihistaminic activity compared to parent drug. A single 50 mg dose of cyclizine when given to an adult male volunteer, results in less than 1% of the total dose administered being excreted as parent drug in the urine over a 24 h period. Thus urinary excretion of metabolite rather than parent drug is th e major route of elimination for  cyclizine. The metabolism is thought to be mediated through CYP 2D6 and therefore exhibit inter-subject variability dependent upon the CYP 2D6 genotype as demonstrated by Vella-Brincat et al. (2012) in their study of the PK of cyclizine (Appendix 1) and its major metabolite (Appendix 2) in palliative care patients receiving sub-cutaneous cyclizine. Results indicated that the metabolic ratio of parent drug to metabolite differed significantly according to CYP2D6 genetics.  [3]   Prochlorperazine is reasonably well absorbed from the GI tract and highly protein bound. It undergoes extensive metabolism both in the gastric mucosa and on first pass through the liver via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP 2D6 and CYP 3A4)  [4]  to inactive metabolites, which are subsequently excreted in the urine. Parent drug has a plasma half-life of between 4 and 8 hours, the precise half-life differing according to the mode of administration. An im injection produces its antiemetic effect in 5-10 minutes and it lasts for 3-4 hours. Onset of effects are related to the mode of administration hence the pharmacokinetic profile, thus an oral dose would have a slightly slower onset of action but would last longer compared with an im injection.  [5]  According to Finn et al (2005), although the drug has been accepted as a useful anti-emetic for over half a century, its therapeutic success has been limited by its low and variable absorption and high first-pass metabolism. H owever, the development of a new buccal formulation has improved the PK, since studies demonstrate that buccal administration of prochlorperazine produces plasma concentrations more than twice as high as an oral tablet, with less than half the variability (Finn et al., 2005)  [6]  (Figure 5). When placed in the buccal cavity between the upper lip and the gum the formulation forms a gel from which the prochlorperazine is released and absorbed. The plasma levels achieved at steady-state on a dosage regimen of one 3mg buccal tablet twice daily are similar to those observed with the standard oral dosage of one 5 mg tablet taken three times daily. The elimination half-life of prochlorperazine in this formulation is 9 hours. The safety and efficacy of this relatively new formulation has also been demonstrated by Bond  [7]  (1998) in a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy trial in patients with vestibular disorders. Side effects By virtue of their pharmacology, cyclizine and prochlorperazine are both central depressants and can cause impairment of performance (Benson, 2001). Consequently, the pharmaceutical data sheets for both drugs have warnings regarding their potential to interfere with the ability to drive or operate machinery safely due to their ability to cause drowsiness (BNF, 2012). Despite the fact that cyclizine is one of the older antihistamines it is considered less potent in this regard compared to others in its class (Broccatelli, 2010), however, there is considerable variability in response to this side effect which can range from slight drowsiness to deep sleep. For this reason in practice, when one drug is not effective or poorly tolerated then it is justifiable to give another drug or combination of drugs (Benson, 2001). This unwanted side-effect is also a feature of prochlorperazine especially in the elderly, and often diminishes with continued treatment of both drugs (emc, n.d.). Cyclizines other more common side-effects include headache and psychomotor impairment plus antimuscarinic effects, such as urinary retention, dry mouth, blurred vision, and gastrointestinal disturbances (BNF, 2012). Less common side effects are palpitations and arrhythmias, also dizziness, hypotension, muscular weakness and poor coordination (Goodman and Gilman, 1975). Prochlorperazine commonly causes CNS related side effect such as acute dystonia or dyskinesia, however these tend to be transitory (usually occur within the first 4  days of treatment) and are more common in children and young adults. Dopamine antagonists like prochlorperazine can also cause extrapyramidal effects, QT prolongation and even severe hypotension, especially in the elderly (emc, n.d.). Muscle spasms and restlessness are other reported side effects. Interactions Cyclizine exhibits pharmacological interactions with other drugs due to antagonism of its action (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine) or enhanced anticholinergic actions (tacrine, trimethobenzamine, triprolidine, trospium). Pharmacokinetic interactions may arise since cyclizine is an inhibitor of the hepatic CYP 2C9 isozyme system, which is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. This isozyme oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics and contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan. Pethidine and propanidid are also listed as having a potential to interact with cyclizine. Cyclizine also acts as an inhibitor of estrogen sulfotransferase, the enzyme responsible for estradiol metabolism. Prochloperazine has a plethora of interactions, both pharmacological and pharmacokinetic. The pharmacokinetic interactions are largely due to competitive metabolic interactions at the hepatic CYP 3A4 and CYP 2D6 enzymes. The CYP 3A4 isozymes are responsible for a variety of oxidation reactions e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation, plus metabolism of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and many other xenobiotics. Whilst the CYP 2D6 isozymes are responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals, via oxidative transformation along with metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.  [9]  Consequently, the data sheet for prochlorperazine lists many drugs with interaction potential including adrenaline, amphetamine, carbamazepine, clonidine, desferrioxamine, guanethidine, levodopa, lithium, phenobarbital and propranolol. Managing Drug Therapy When managing the care of a patient, nursing staff must initially thoroughly assess the patient, then identify significant interactions between core drug knowledge (PD, PK, ADRs, interactions, contraindications) and the patients core variables (health status, age and gender, life-style and diet, environments, culture). Thereafter the nurse can plan and implement suitable interventions, which will maximise therapeutic effects whilst minimising adverse effects (Aschenbrenner and Venable, 2008). In order to achieve such objectives the nurse should ensure administration of the appropriate medication is given through a suitable route on a regular basis or as required, with ongoing patient evaluation and monitoring. Cyclizine and prochlorperazine are both considered first line treatments for nausea secondary to vertigo and motion sickness (Quigley, 2001) and are first line treatments in many hospitals in PONV (NHS, Salisbury; NHS Plymouth). A review by Matchar, et al. (2003) has suggested that oral prochloperazine may also be used as an adjunct in the treatment of nausea associated with migraine (Matchar et al, n.d.). No randomized controlled trial has been found which formally compares efficacy of cyclizine and prochlorperazine, however, two studies comparing cyclizine with perphenazine in ameliorating drug-induced emesis, have shown the former to have comparable antiemetic efficacy to this related phenothiazine drug (Dundee et al., 1975; Chestnutt and Dundee, 1986). These studies are featured in a Cochrane report (Stevenson, 2006) which investigates drugs for preventing PONV and highlights eight drugs which reduce PONV by a similar amount in this patient group, cyclizine being one. The report concluded, therefore, that the most important question to answer when treating emesis is What are the types and risks of side effects experienced by patients exposed to these antiemetics? Thus safe and effective prescribing requires the nurse to identify patient variables or comorbidities relevant to the drugs side effects, for example heart failure patients should not be prescribed cyclizine and individuals susceptible to visual disturbances should avoid prochlorperazine as per the drugs contraindications. It is noteworthy that both drugs may be prescribed in the later stages of pregnancy if considered appropriate by a doctor (Schaefer, 2007; CKS, n.d.).  [10]   The choice of antiemetic would depend upon the precise cause of the nausea in conjunction with the specific receptor affected. However, since several different neurotransmitters stimulate the CTZ, combining drugs with different mechanisms of action can often be more effective than increasing the dose of one individual drug (King and Brucker 2011). Indeed, combinations of antiemetics are often used in palliative care (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Notably, vomiting of unclear or mixed origin may respond to a phenothiazine such as prochlorperazine because, in addition to acting on dopamine and serotonin receptors in the CTZ, it also acts at the VC and vestibular area. Cyclizine and prochlorperazine are both commonly used anti-emetics in palliative care where nausea and vomiting are present in up to 70% of patients with advanced cancer (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Treating this patient population requires particular vigilance, since there may be a number of underlying reasons for and comorbidities contributing to the nausea and vomiting, and antiemetics may be inappropriate. Consideration for causes of the symptoms might include intestinal obstruction or constipation, anxiety, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), oesophageal candida, severe pain or hypercalcaemia all of which might warrant interventions other then antiemetics. Conversely, should the nausea and vomiting be identified as drug induced, then anti-emetics such as cyclyzine or prochlorperazine might be appropriate. Raised intracranial pressure stimulates vomiting centre via pressure receptors and can be problematic in patients with known or suspected brain metastases. Notable, cyclizine can be g iven to such patients, especially where corticosteroids are contraindicated (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Administration Precautions Due to its centrally acting effects, patients taking cyclizine should avoid alcohol and other depressants e.g. hypnotics or tranquillisers. Food may reduce irritation to cyclizine and since there is no interaction with food, this drug can be taken without regard to meals. The datasheet indicates it should be used with caution in hepatic disease, whilst in renal impairment there is a need for dose reduction (BNF, 2012). Cyclizine should also be used with caution in patients with severe heart failure. Other anticholinergic effects include visual disturbances, and sedation, which can make them dangerous for the elderly population or younger patients. Further, cardiovascular side effects e.g. hypotension, tachycardia, and palpitations have been reported, plus minor GI effect e.g. dry mouth and constipation. Cyclizine has a well-known abuse potential (Ruben et al. 2006). In opiate dependents receiving long-term methadone cyclizine is often taken in large doses intravenously to provide a m ore intense high. Thereafter the addict experiences depressive mood changes and a craving for cyclizine. Many individuals receiving long-term prescriptions of oral methadone have been identified as being habitual abusers of cyclizine.  [11]  Consequently, there is considerable reticence by pharmacists in prescribing the drug, and alternative treatments are generally sought. Obviously in the hospital setting there is little opportunity for such abuse, and the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the drug would therefore take precedence over its abuse potential (Barber, 1995; Philips and Thompson, 1997). Although prochlorperazine being an antipsychotic phenothiazine drug can be employed in psychiatry, in lower doses it is usually prescribed for its anti-emetic properties. Patients taking the drug should take with a full glass of water, avoid excessive quantities of coffee or tea (containing caffeine) and also avoid alcohol. Prochlorperazine should be used with caution in patients with renal and hepatic impairment and cardiovascular disease; also in Parkinsons disease, epilepsy and in patients with a history of glaucoma. While the drug does not deliver the euphoria that is associated with many commonly abused drugs, it still has some abuse potential since it can alter mood and perception, but not to the extent of cyclizine. Moreover, dependence and tolerance can develop, which can drive the individual to continue to seek more of the drug  [12]  and result in overdose, characterised by symptoms of central nervous system depression to the point of somnolence or coma. Agitation and r estlessness may also occur in overdose. Other possible manifestations include convulsions, EKG changes and cardiac arrhythmias, fever and autonomic reactions such as hypotension, dry mouth and ileus. Managing Drug Therapy Nausea and Vertigo: In emetic patients, antiemetics should only be prescribed when the underlying cause is known, indeed antiemetic administration may be harmful when the cause can be treated, e.g. in diabetic ketoacidosis or digoxin/antiepileptic overdose. In addition to motion sickness cyclizine can be given to patients with nausea caused by mechanical bowel obstruction and raised intracranial pressure.  [13]  Once a decision has been made that antiemetic drug treatment is appropriate, the drug and the dosage form should be chosen according to the aetiology of vomiting along with core drug knowledge and patient variables. Thus prochloperazine is useful for episodes of more severe nausea and vomiting e.g. associated with diffuse neoplastic disease, radiation sickness, and the emesis caused by drugs such as opioids, general anaesthetics, and cytotoxics. Indeed, prophylactic use may be required if severe nausea is anticipated such as following chemotherapy treatment. (Aschenbrenne r and Venable, 2008). Prochorperazine may be a suitable choice because of its dosage forms, thus rectal suppositories can be useful in patients with persistent vomiting or with severe nausea and the buccal tablet dosage form is also useful in such instances. However, during use of phenothiazines it is important to monitor severe dystonic reactions, especially in children. It is recommended as a second-line treatment for vomiting in pregnancy after promethazine.  [14]   Whereas the efficacy of cyclizine in treating nausea and vomiting has already been unequivocally proven, it is only available in tablet and injectable form. Nevertheless, cyclizine may be the choice of drug over prochlorperazine in children since in this patient population the latter can only be administered orally (BNF, 2012), and therefore requires patient compliance for success. There is no evidence that either of the two drugs is superior to the other in terms of efficacy; also despite cyclizines longer plasma half-life compared with prochlorperazine, the duration of action is similar at around 4 hours. The adverse event profiles do however differ slightly, because of the differing underlying pharmacology of these two drugs. This is an important consideration in the choice of drug, alongside special precautions which, as described earlier, must be considered in conjunction with patients co-morbidities. It is also noteworthy that educating patients and their families regarding the drug of choice is important; for example warning patients against consuming alcohol with both prochlorperazine and cyclizine and warning patients against driving or operating machinery if susceptible to drowsiness with either drug. In summary, both cyclizine and prochloperazine have similar safety, tolerability and toxicity profiles despite their differing modes of action on a cellular level. Tolerability in terms of drowsiness is a potential problem for both drugs, but is generally dependent upon the individual patients susceptibility, warranting a trial and error type approach when determining which is the optimal drug of choice. Also, due to the drugs both being substrates of CYP 2D6 their phamacokinetic profiles may exhibit inter-subject variability by virtue of the different phenotypes of this enzyme which exist in the population. This differing pharmacokinetic profile would logically translate into a varied response in terms of therapeutic effects. Likewise, their potential to interact with other drugs is inextricably linked with their metabolism, namely metabolic competition at the cytochrome P450 enzyme receptor sites. Thus both drugs have the potential to interact with a wide range of other medications . Moreover, since both drugs are extensively metabolised in the liver, with excretion of metabolites in the urine, there is a need for caution in renal and hepatic disease. Cyclizine and prochlorperazine appear to be similarly efficacious with regard to their treatment of emesis caused by motion sickness. The literature is inconclusive regarding which drug would be more superior for PONV, or vertigo, and even though it has been suggested that prochlorperazine should be chosen over cyclizine when the nausea is severe, there does not seem to be any compelling evidence for this and many hospitals tend to choose cyclizine over prochlorperazine in their antiemetic protocols/guidelines. The most compelling evidence for choosing prochlorperazine over cyclizine in the primary care setting would be the high abuse potential with cyclizine. However, in the secondary care setting this is of minimal concern. Therefore a more compelling reason for choosing prochlorperazine over cyclizine in this setting might largely hinge on the greater flexibility in formulations available for prochlorperazine. Whereas both drugs can be given orally as a tablet, when patients are vomiting this may be inappropriate. The buccal tablet or rectal suppository, which is available for prochlorperazine, and is less invasive than an injection formulation may be more acceptable to many patients in such cases. To conclude, the present essay has demonstrated that the nursing process for effectively dealing with emesis is challenging and complex. Here we have witnessed the plethora of facts which the nurse must take into account prior to prescribing the antiemetic drugs cyclizine and prochlorperazine, and that even after attempting to optimise drug selection on the basis of such facts, success cannot be guaranteed. Ongoing monitoring of patient response/progress with the possibility of altering or augmenting the chosen drug therapy is necessary to improve outcomes, ensure patients receive optimal care, and that they enjoy maximal therapeutic success with minimal side effects. References Matchar DB, Young WB, Rosenberg JH, Michael P. Pietrzak, Stephen D. Silberstein, Richard B. Lipton and Nabih M. Ramadan. Evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache in the primary care setting: Pharmacological management of acute attacks. Available at: www.aan.com/public/practiceguidelines/03.pdf/. Accessed 28/10/12. CKS: Clinical Knowledge Summaries http://www.cks.nhs.uk/nausea_vomiting_in_pregnancy/management/prescribing_information/prochlorperazine/advice_about_prochlorperazine Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 607). Benson A J, Medication for Motion S

Oscar Wilde Essay -- GCSE English Literature Coursework

Oscar Wilde Man is least himself when he talks in his own person. Give him a mask, and he will tell you the truth. On October 16, 1854 Oscar (Fingal O’Flaghertie Wills) Wilde was born in Dublin. He is the son of Dr. William Wilde and the Irish Nationalist poet Jane F. Wilde (known as "Speranza", her pen name). Oscar grew up with very high expectations of him by his mother. He was enrolled at Trinity College, where he graduated by the age of seventeen and continued his schooling on a scholarship to Oxford. At Oxford he was known as aesthete. Under the influence of the aesthetic movement of the late 19th century, Oscar found the notions of "art for art’s sake" and dedicating one’s life to art suitable to his temperament and talents. Although Oscar didn’t have any substantial achievements in his to be well known from 1878 to 1881, he was still quite popular in London. He categorized himself into the class of people labeled as "the beautiful people." As a "beautiful [person]" he wore outrageous clothes, passed himself off as an art critic and aesthete, and built a reputation for saying shocking things and doing amusing things. These "beautiful people" were often called dandies, wearing clothes similar to Wilde’s manner of dress: velvet coat, knee breeches, silk stockings, pale green tie, shoulder length hair, loose silk shirts, and a lily he occasionally would carry. Oscar’s popularity, flamboyance, and of course literary talent led him closer and closer to the fame he desired. Oscar published his first volume of poems in 1881. In 1882, upon arriving in New York City, he began a yearlong tour of North America. His lectures were more on aestheticism and "art for art’s sake" than on the strength of his reputation as a writer. W... ...e "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" (pronounced "redding jail"), a poem that explored the harsh nature of prison life. It was published anonymously under the pseudonym of C33 (Wilde’s prison number), and became his last significant work. Oscar Wilde died at the age of 46 on November 30, 1990 of cerebral meningitis. Bibliography Beckson, Karl. Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890’s. Vintage Books, New York, 1966. Charlesworth, Barbara. Dark Passages-The Decadent Consciousness in Victorian Literature. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin, 1965. Harris, Frank. Oscar Wilde. Dorset Press, New York, 1989. Montgomery Hyde, H. Oscar Wilde- The Aftermath. Farrar, Strauss & Company, New York, 1963. University Books. The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde- The verbatim Transcripts and an introduction by H. Montgomery Hyde. University Books, New York, January 1956. Oscar Wilde Essay -- GCSE English Literature Coursework Oscar Wilde Man is least himself when he talks in his own person. Give him a mask, and he will tell you the truth. On October 16, 1854 Oscar (Fingal O’Flaghertie Wills) Wilde was born in Dublin. He is the son of Dr. William Wilde and the Irish Nationalist poet Jane F. Wilde (known as "Speranza", her pen name). Oscar grew up with very high expectations of him by his mother. He was enrolled at Trinity College, where he graduated by the age of seventeen and continued his schooling on a scholarship to Oxford. At Oxford he was known as aesthete. Under the influence of the aesthetic movement of the late 19th century, Oscar found the notions of "art for art’s sake" and dedicating one’s life to art suitable to his temperament and talents. Although Oscar didn’t have any substantial achievements in his to be well known from 1878 to 1881, he was still quite popular in London. He categorized himself into the class of people labeled as "the beautiful people." As a "beautiful [person]" he wore outrageous clothes, passed himself off as an art critic and aesthete, and built a reputation for saying shocking things and doing amusing things. These "beautiful people" were often called dandies, wearing clothes similar to Wilde’s manner of dress: velvet coat, knee breeches, silk stockings, pale green tie, shoulder length hair, loose silk shirts, and a lily he occasionally would carry. Oscar’s popularity, flamboyance, and of course literary talent led him closer and closer to the fame he desired. Oscar published his first volume of poems in 1881. In 1882, upon arriving in New York City, he began a yearlong tour of North America. His lectures were more on aestheticism and "art for art’s sake" than on the strength of his reputation as a writer. W... ...e "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" (pronounced "redding jail"), a poem that explored the harsh nature of prison life. It was published anonymously under the pseudonym of C33 (Wilde’s prison number), and became his last significant work. Oscar Wilde died at the age of 46 on November 30, 1990 of cerebral meningitis. Bibliography Beckson, Karl. Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890’s. Vintage Books, New York, 1966. Charlesworth, Barbara. Dark Passages-The Decadent Consciousness in Victorian Literature. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin, 1965. Harris, Frank. Oscar Wilde. Dorset Press, New York, 1989. Montgomery Hyde, H. Oscar Wilde- The Aftermath. Farrar, Strauss & Company, New York, 1963. University Books. The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde- The verbatim Transcripts and an introduction by H. Montgomery Hyde. University Books, New York, January 1956.

Pfizer Inc/Warmer-Lambert Co. Essay

Pfizer is one of the leading pharmaceutical companies in United States. Its headquarters are in New York City and it is the owner of the drug Lipitar, an atorvastatin which is used to lower cholesterol in the blood.   The company produces a big range of other precuts.   Pfizer acquired Warmer-Lambert in 2000.   The two had been the leading companies in the research based pharmaceuticals.   In 1999 Pfizer had been named the fastest growing pharmaceutical company in its industry. Warmer-Lambert had been the Second (http://www.pfizer.com/home/). Warner-Lambert also deals with pharmaceuticals.   The company has grown through acquisition which started in 1962 when it acquired American Chide Company which produced gums and mints. American Chide Company was the owner of the Adams brand which was well known around the world. The merger between Pfizer and Warmer-Lambert was as a result of observation of the market trends in the industry and in the global economy.   The global market has been characterized by slow growth.   The market was not expanding at the same rate as it has before.   It seemed as if it was experiencing a slack in growth.   Thus for the companies to continue operating profitability there was need to capture a bigger share of the market and reduce competition. Because the market was not expanding at a good rate expansion of the companies’ operations could only be possible through taking over a bigger share of the existing market.   This called for greater and more effective efforts in competition (Mercola J. 2000). One way to gain competitive advantage is through cost cutting and concerted efforts. Merging the two fastest growing companies in the industry could effectively achieve this. Both companies were strong players in the market and combining power gave them a force that could enable them acquires additional share of the market from the other competitors.   Merging also could enable the companies make concerted efforts in marketing and other ventures hence saving on cost.   Cost reduction will help the companies gain competitive advantage in the market (http://www.secinfo.com/dsVsj.599.htm#1stPage). Expiration of a number of key patents was another major trend in the market.   Both of the companies are research based and had been holding patents which had been key to their operations.   Expiry of these patents meant the companies were loosing their hold in the market.   Many other competitors were due to come in the market.   Ã‚  Entry of additional competitors could inflate costs and m ay lead to reduction of profits.   Merging could help the companies to cut on this cost increase and compete more effectively in the market. Research and development costs were increasing at a higher rate.   The significance of research and development was gaining new heights in the modern business environment.   Because of the high competition and the rapidly changing business conditions the need for new innovations in operations and products has increased. More efforts and investment in research and development have been necessitated. These together with other factors have led to significance increase in Research and development costs. Both Pfizer and Warmer-Lambert are research based and merging them will enable them collaborate in Research and hence reduce cost effectively. Through their combined efforts the companies will be able to do more effective research. The role of e-commerce in business is changing significantly with many more business transactions being carried out though e-commerce. There is increased used of technology both in research and in doing business.   The way business is conducted have greatly been affected by e-commerce.   Thus, the companies had to change so as to utilize the effects of e-commerce for their benefits in the long run. (http://www,secifo.com/dsvsj/599.htm) There are several factors that motivated Pfizer Inc. to merge with Warmer-Lambert Co. Each of the companies had its motivational factors by generally both companies need to stabilize them product portfolio and reduce the dependence on some few key products. (http://www.secifo.com/dsvsj.599.htm).   Another motivating factor was the increased need of increasing their rate of growth.   Other factors that motivated the merger included increased in revenue, better research and development (R&D) and more cost cutting. Terms of transaction Pfizer paid a premium of 34% to Warmer-Lambert in the merger that resulted to Pfizer and Warmer-Lambert combining to form the largest pharmaceutical company in the world at that time. Shareholders of Warmer-Lambert got 2.75 shares of Pfizer common stock for each share of common stock held in Warmer-Lambert.   The Warmer-Lambert shares were valued at $98.31 per one unit by the closing prices of October 1999 against $ 35.75 per one unit of Pfizer shares by the closing price of February 4, 2000. This represented a premium of 34% (http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=105&STORY=/www/story/06-19-2000/0001246843) The company expected to have combined annual revenue of approximately $28 billion. The company expects a 13% growth on compounded annual revenue and 25% growth in earnings (The Birmingham Post).   The expected market capitalization is more than $230 billions.   After the merger 61% of the new company will be held by the Pfizer shareholders while the remaining 39% will be held by the Warmer-Lambert shareholders (http://www.pfizer.ca/english/newsroom/press%20releases/default.asp?s=1&year=2000&releaseID=29). The valuation of the target firm can be done as: calculation of the future value of the company FV = PV (1+2)n From this we can be able to calculate the valuation of the target company using DPV = FY / (1+a) n Where FV = Future value DV = Present value I = opportunity cost N = no of years FV = $ 90 billion x (1+0.01) 1 90 x 1.01 $ 90.9 billions. After getting the future value, the discounted present value can be calculated as 90.9 billions / (1+14%) 1 14% is got by adding the growth rate representing the opportunity cost and the risk factor which we assume to be 1% 90.9 / (1.0 + 0.14)1 (90.9 / 1.14) 79.74 billions. In the valuation there are several assumption made. One of the assumptions is that the risk factor is equivalent to one percent.   The other assumption is that the opportunity cost is Warmer-Lambert merging with Pfizer is equivalent to the growth rate expected.   Thus the assumed discount rate is expected to be 14% that is, combining the opportunity cost and the risk factor.   Another assumption made I s that the future value is calculated after only one year thus making the period n to be equal to 1. There are several risks that come with making the above assumptions. If the actual risk factor of the market is different from the assumed risk factor of one percent then the outcome of the valuation will not be accurate. This is risk as it may give a wrong impression of the effect of a decision, for example the decision of Warmer-Lambert to merge with Pfizer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another risk is inherent because of the assumption that the opportunity cost is equal to the growth rate expected.   In the real business environment this may results that are not accurate.   This may lead to making a decision based on wrong information.   This may consequently lead to difficulties in the company or loss to the owners of the company. Pfizer mission have been to emerge as the leader in the pharmaceutical industry by the stunt of the new millennium. The company had aimed at becoming the most valued company to all its stakeholders who included patients, doctors, insurers, investors and business partners.   To achieve this, the company is committed to offering services of value to the stakeholders (Huff, A. Huff J. and Barr P; 2000). To ensure that Pfizer remained of value to the stakeholder the company was committed to innovation so as to provide products of value to its customers.   The company realized that innovation was what could enable tit to continue being relevant to needs of its customers in the long run.   As the customer needs were changing the company had to keep innovating to enable it to satisfy the needs of these customers. Pfizer in this regard was committed to continued Research and development productivity.   Much effort and finances were invested in research and development so as to produce more relevant products in the market. Pfizer strategy of success in the market was sustaining growth of existing products and expanding the range of products through innovations.   This innovation was facilitated by increasing productivity of research and development (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Feb_1/ai_53672006 ). Pfizer’s acquisition of Warmer-Lambert was a major and useful step in the Company’s strategy toward attainment of its mission (http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5212317/Pfizer-Driving-Performance-Through-Growth.html).. Acquisition of Warmer-Lambert by Pfizer was aimed at encouraging Business development. There are many benefits that this merger could help Pfizer to achieve. These benefits all worked for Pfizer in its quest to create the most valued pharmaceutical company to all its stakeholders. Acquisition of Warmer-Lambert helped Pfizer to get access to patent that Warmer-Lambert held.   Warmer-Lambert held some patents and so upon the merge the two companies could benefit from the patents.   Considering that the market condition was characterized by expiry of key patents meaning each of the company’s advantage of holding patents was slowly decreasing.   Thus, combining gave the two companies a great advantage as the new company could hold more patents (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/biography/M-R/McKinnell-Henry-A-Jr-1943.html). Pfizer acquisition could also lead to the company getting access to new and racial technologies in the other firm.   Each of the company was developed in its own way and had technological capabilities that were unique to its operations.   This technology was in the form of processes and platforms which facilitated production and innovation. Combining these unique capabilities from two companies gave the resultants much power and benefits which could be denied from utilization of these technologies.   Access to both technologies by one company gave it synergy thus compounding the benefits to be derived from the technologies.   This synergetic combination of technology could help Pfizer advance its strategy of producing new lines of products through innovation.   This technology could also help the company to sustain growth of its existing products (Aitkin M. and Baskaran S. 2000) As technology is a major component to research and development, access to new technology could boost Pfizer’s efforts in research and development.   This boost in research and development could help the company to significantly reduce the cost of innovation.   Consequently, reduction in cost of innovation could lead to reduction of the overall cost and so boost profits of the company.   Reduction in costs could also help the company reduce the prices it charged for the product.   Reduction in the prices could lead to increase in sales as well as increasing the access of the products by greater number of customers.   An increased access of the precuts by many more customers will help to serve their need by the company and thus meeting the main aim of the company that is making it the most valued company to various stakeholders. The acquisition by Pfizer helped the company to expand its products line.   Acquiring Warner-Lambert made Pfizer the company with the broadest portfolio in the industry.   The company had products in various categories which included women health, central nervous system disorders as well as in many other categories. This was in line with the company’s aim of achieving a broad range of product instead of relying on a narrow range of products. The acquisition of Warmer-Lambert also gave Pfizer a big number of new products.   I had eight products in the year of acquisition which brought in more than $1 billion in sales in that year.   This was a great achievement for Pfizer, a company that was committed to increasing the contribution of innovation and research and development productivity. The achievement gave the company a boost toward attaining its overall aim. Combining the research operations of Pfizer and those of Warmer-Lambert produced the largest Research and development budget in the pharmaceutical industry. The new company had a budget of $4.78 billion set aside for research and development.   The scientific staff of the company was more than twelve thousand. This showed the commitment to innovation and increased Research and development productivity (http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2008/01/23/ap4565943.html). Acquisition of Warmer-Lambert gives Pfizer much regard in the world and makes it the most productive in sales and marketing in the industry. This increases the reputation of the company among the stakeholders.   The company also acquires some of brands which are highly regarded in the world.   These brands Include Schick and Zaritac 75 http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/external/ibd.morningstar.com/quicktake/standard/client/shell/AP707.html?ticker=PFE&valid=NO&MP=FP&pageidx=1&pageitemidx=2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Combination of Pfizer and Warner-Lambert the two fastest growing companies in the world in the pharmaceutical industry produces a large organizational with great might. This enables the new company to have strong presence in major international market. Because of its power, the organization will be able to conquer new markets and compete effectively (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/633782.stm). Test of merger performance. a) The target, Warner-Lambert Company had a market capitalization of $60 billions in 1999. The acquirer, Pfizer had a market capitalization of $148.074 billions in that year (Financial Times 1999) After the merger between Pfizer and Warner-Lambert the new company had a market capitalization of $263,996 millions in 2001 (Financial times 10th May 2001). Before the merger Pfizer and Warner-Lambert had a total market of capitalization of $208.074 billions in 1999. After Pfizer acquired Warner-Lambert their total market capitalization was 263.99 billions in May 2001. This was a major increase in only one year after the merger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The increase in the market capitalization after the acquisition signifies that it was beneficial. The merger was value enhancing in the short run for the investors who held shares in the company (Pryor F. 2001) b) After the merger of Pfizer Inc with Warner-Lambert Company the market reacted favorably to the new company. The combined market share increased from 7.8 percent to 8.2 percent after the merger (Http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/biography/M-R/McKinnel-Henry-A-Jr-1943.htm/). The total Revenue of the company in the subsequent year increased by 11 percent to $29 billion and the income rose by 10.9 percent to $7.8 billions as compared to year 2000 performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On February 1 the market price for Pfizer stock was $32.12 by closing. After the acquisition of Warner-Lambert the share prices rose steadily to a close of $48.00 in 1st June 2000. This indicates that in the short run the market was favoring the merger between the two companies (Http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/historical.asp?symbol=DFE)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generally the market reacted favorably to the merger in the short run. The market prices rose, the revenue and income rose as well as market capitalization. c) Performance of the merger by return to shareholders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The merger between Pfizer and Warner-Lambert indicated good performance in the short run. The two giant companies merged to form one very powerful company. The good performance was reflected in the market prices of the new company shares as well as in the market share revenue and earnings. The returns to shareholders also increased in the year that followed the merger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 2001 a year after the merger the earnings of Pfizer grew considerably to reach 1-22 per share (http://www.thestreet.com/tech/adamfeuerstein/10005524.html)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 2002 the earnings per share was $1.46 Revenue was $32.29413. This indicated a positive growth. It showed that the merger between the two giants was paying off for the second year consequently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 2003 the earnings fell to 0.54 indicating a negative growth. Revenue was $44.73614. This showed a slump in the benefit that had been derived from the merger in the previous year. Though the performance of Pfizer improved the years that followed the performance of 2003 were so discouraging and brought fear that the merger may not bring as much benefits as it had been expected earlier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In general the performance of the merger was positive to returns to the shareholders. It worked to improve the wealth of the shareholders by increasing the earnings per share and market capitalization. This was possible as the company was able to cut on cost, increase market share and consequently increase Revenue. http://www.pfizer.com/files/annualreport/2004/financial/financial2004.pdf.) Evaluation and prognosis of merger between Pfizer and Warner-Lambert. a) M&A effects on Pfizer’s long term position in its product market areas. There had been both positive and negative effects experienced as a result of the merger between Pfizer and Warner-Lambert.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The short run was characterized by very encouraging positive results. These results showed that the company was achieving its goal of becoming the most valued pharmaceutical company to all its stakeholders. The positive effects were evident in the performance of the company. Immediately after the merger with Warner-Lambert, the stock prices shot up, the revenue soared and earnings increased. The market capitalization increased significantly. All the indicators showed that the company was headed for excellence in all aspects in the industry. It was able to increase its market share to a bigger percentage than the combined market share of the companies before the merger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, in the long run Pfizer performance does not reflect the earlier exhibited positive growth. There had been a slack in the trend of growth that had been observed in the short run after the merger with Warner-Lambert. The merger between the two giant companies which had been declared the first and second fastest growing companies in the pharmaceutical industry was aimed at creating one giant company with great power to foster increase growth and development. The goal was to establish strong international presence in all major markets in the industry. Merging with Warner-Lambert made the new company the biggest in the industry with a huge budget of Research and development (Knack R. 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Glaxo merged with Smith Kline to form GlaxoSmithkline a company that was bigger than Pfizer after acquiring Warner-Lambert. Thus the leadership role that Pfizer wanted to have was overtaken. The competitive advantage that had accrued to Pfizer as the largest company in the industry with ability to carry out costly researches and conquer new markets as well as release many new markets, diminished. Though Pfizer tried to fight further by putting more efforts through other acquisition it never gave much impact. Pfizer acquired Pharmacia but the impact was not as big as when it acquired Warner-Lambert (Ramrattan L. and Szenberg M. 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The performance of Pfizer has not been as was expected considering its performance in the short run shortly after the merger. The stock prices had risen to $46 but this is not the case now. The stock prices have been decreasing steadily from $46 in June 2000 to $22.33 as of Friday February 2008. This shows that, instead of improving the company is facing some difficulties in operation (http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshort/historical/asp?symbol=PFE). The company’s performance has been below the industry’s performance since 2005 to present.   The performance is also below the S&P 500 index or performance of the pharmaceutical industry. (http://www.thestreet.com/tech/adamfeuerstein/10005524.html). Homer Pfizer has struggled to restructure its operations and remain relevant in the market. This restructure was in various operations of the company and even in the leadership. The chief executive officer was changed (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/biography/M-R/McKinnell-Henry-A-Jr-1943.html).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The declining performance of Pfizer had been characterized by loss of some share of the market thus reducing the size of the market it had captured in 2000 after the merger. Pfizer, after much restructuring and leadership of a new CEO, have managed to remain one of the biggest in the industry with a market capitalization of $152,510 millions. The leading company in this industry is Johnson & Johnson which have a market capitalization of $180,004 millions. Pfizer is the second and Glaxo Smithkline PLC is the third with a market capitalization of $132,384 million (http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/external/ibd.morningstar.com/quicktake/standard/client/shell/AP707.html?ticker=PFE&valid=NO&MP=FP&pageidx=1&pageitemidx=2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generally, the merger of Pfizer and Warner-Lambert helped Pfizer to gain some crucial benefits that helped the company to establish itself better in the market place. The population, Research and development muscle and acquisition of significant patents were major boosts for Pfizer. By acquiring Warner-Lambert, Pfizer got 100% ownership of the Lipitar patent which was one of the major products that have contributed to Pfizer good performance. However this have been in the short run and for the company to establish a firm long lasting position in its product market will require adoption of another strategy which will produce more long term benefits (Cerami C. 2000). b) Major changes to strategic decisions and directions to improve performance and prospects. There are some various changes that the Pfizer Inc can undertake so as to improve its performance in the short run and in the long run. Technology use. Pfizer can adopt a more purposeful use of technology to improve its performance. Technology is a powerful business tool which can be very useful in turning performance of a company round. Technology can be used in research, production of products, management and administration and in marketing (Du Boff R. 2000). In the modern world online commerce is rife and the companies utilize this opportunity for marketing its products to more areas of the world. The company should adapt a technology strategy which should be aimed at establishing new products, managing operations, establishing new markets and increasing competitive advantage ion the already established markets. Technology can improve operations of the company by better using the technology to manage information and communication in the company as well as establishing controls in the work. These are the aspects of the company that will help it to cut on administration costs as well as achieve more efficiency and hence increasing customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction will in turn lead to improved sales and profitability of the company (Beltran L. 2000). Technology can also achieve a lot in production. Adapting high technology may be expensive at cost but the benefit derived will be major and long lasting. Besides that, good technology will lead to improved efficiency in production which will consequently lead to reduction in cost and improvement in quality of the products (Carey D and Ogden D. 2004). Explore new market Instead of depending on the already established market, Pfizer should put more effort in market research so as to determine other potential markets for its products. Earlier entry will give the company an upper hand than its competitors in the new market. Technology can be used to help in assessing the potential of these markets and also in identifying their specific needs so as to develop the products required for that market. This will enable the company to continue being relevant to more people of the world and thus further its effort of being the most valued pharmaceutical company to all the people of the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other efforts should be put to explore all potential markets so as to ensure all feasible opportunities available are utilized for the benefit of the company. The company should keep on evaluating its market and the industry. The market conditions in the modern world are characterized by rapid and more unpredictable changes and thus for a company to survive the instability that comes with unpredictable markets a lot of efforts have to be put in market scanning and evaluation of the industry. Consequently if a company want to be the leader in its industry a lot more have to be done. The company besides scanning the market has to put up a strategy that will help it to manage change effectively as well as project the market with a bigger degree of certainty and accuracy. The company should always be ahead of others and so should apply proactive measures instead of waiting to react to issues. Product range. The company should not rely on a few main products for its success in business. The company has a big range of products which should be marketed well so as to establish themselves better in the market and thus earn the company much revenue. Most of the products of the company can do better if more efforts can be used to market the products. The company should make up a marketing strategy aimed at conducting intensive marketing of all products. This will help the company to increase revenue got form all products instead of relying on revenue from a few products. Marketing can be done by utilizing emerging aspects of the market conditions. An example of such aspects includes electronic commerce. Pfizer can put up a strategy of conducting intensive online marketing and then conduct sales through electronic commerce. Pfizer should also try to market its image to European and American authorities as this will give it more easier job when it comes to lobbying for certification of new products. These measures will help the company avert problems that it had faced in the past due to delay in approval of some of its new products (Dubois W. 2003). Quick approval of products will help the company to start benefiting from its investment in the product as early as possible. Early approval of a prod7uct will also help to reduce the opportunity cost that comes up with such delays Acquisition Pfizer should reconsider its strategy of acquisition so as to gain dominance in the market. Though acquisition brings a lot of benefits, there are equally big costs involved from experience the benefits are not very long term so Pfizer should examine new strategies instead of being invested through acquisition can be invested in research of a potential market. Reference: Aitkin M Baskaran S.  Ã‚   Lamarre E.   Silber M. Waters S. A License to Cure. The McKinsey Quarterly, 2000. Associated press. Market performance. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/external/ibd.morningstar.com/quicktake/standard/client/shell/AP707.html?ticker=PFE&valid=NO&MP=FP&pageidx=1&pageitemidx=2 BBC. Drug giants merge. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/633782.stm Beltran L. (2000). Earnings Growth Redefined. Black Enterprise, Vol. 30, July 2000 Business wire. Warner-Lambert announces Goodes to retire.   Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Feb_1/ai_53672006 Businessweek. Earnings. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/earnings/earnings.asp?symbol=PFE Carey D. Ogden D. (2004). The Human Side of M & A: How CEOs Leverage the Most Important Asset in Deal Making. Oxford University Press. Cerami C. Is Bigger Really Better? Insight on the News, Vol. 16, March 6, 2000. Du Boff R.(2000) Herman E. Mergers, Concentration, and the Erosion of Democracy Monthly Review, Vol. 53, May 2000. Dubois W. (2003). Drug Research, the Extraterritorial Application of FDA Regulations, and the Need for International Cooperation. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 36, 2003. Financial times May 10, 2001. Special reports. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from Forbes.com. Pfizer 4Q profit falls but beat view. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2008/01/23/ap4565943.html FTC Grants Final Clearance for Pfizer/Warner-Lambert Merger, Transaction Completed Today. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=105&STORY=/www/story/06-19-2000/0001246843 Goliath. Driving performance through growth. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5212317/Pfizer-Driving-Performance-Through-Growth.html http://specials.ft.com/ft500/may2001/FT36H8Z8KMC.html http://www.pfizer.com/files/annualreport/2004/financial/financial2004.pdf http://www.pfizer.com/home/ http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/biography/M-R/McKinnell-Henry-A-Jr-1943.html Huff, A. Huff J. and Barr P; (2000). When Firms Change Direction. Oxford University Press, 2000. Knack R. Pfizer Fords a River. Planning, Vol. 66, June 2000 Mercola J. (2000). Pfizer to buy Warner-Lambert for $90 billion. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from http://www.mercola.com/2000/feb/13/pfizer_warner_lambert.htm Pfizer. Annual reports 2004. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from Pfizer. Pfizer and Warner agree to merger. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from http://www.pfizer.ca/english/newsroom/press%20releases/default.asp?s=1&year=2000&releaseID=29 Pfizer. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from Pryor F. (2001). Dimensions of the Worldwide Merger Boom. Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 35, 2001. Ramrattan L. Szenberg M. (2006) Global Competition and the United States Pharmaceutical Industry. American Economist, Vol. 50. Referenceforbusiness.com. McKinnell-Henry. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from Securities and Exchange Council. Facing our future together. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from http://www.secinfo.com/dsVsj.599.htm#1stPage The Birmingham Post (England). Pfizer Looks to Global Leadership after Pounds 57bn Takeover of Warner-Lambert. February 8, 2000 The street.com. Pfizer keeps its outlook on positive side. Retrieved on February 15, 2008 from http://www.thestreet.com/tech/adamfeuerstein/10005524.html

Favorite Teacher Essay Essays - Marcel Proust, Polling, Free Essays

Favorite Teacher Essay Essays - Marcel Proust, Polling, Free Essays Samantha Jacobs EDF 203 Dr. Day January 20, 2016 Favorite Teacher Essay I transferred to Owen County High School my sophomore year and was put in your class Mrs. Dorton. Ive never been good at the whole school thing, I have always been that student in class who could only understand something if the teacher would come up to me and explain it to me one on one. Not only that, but I need to do things hand on and not with a group of people. Unfortunately at my first High School it consisted of group work and teachers who would only lecture and then sit at their desk until the bell rang. Thankfully, my sophomore year of High School I was lucky enough to be in the class with my soon to be favorite teacher. When I think of what kind of teacher I want to become characteristics of you come to mind. Caring, loving, but also strict. I want to be that teacher where my students feel like they can come to me about anything, I want them to trust me as I trusted you. Not only that, but I loved how you would walk around the class to help explain things to the students who didnt quite understand what you said the first go around. Instead of being frustrated with said students you would simply look at them like anyone else and help them. I remember one day we were in class and you were just simply walking around teaching, no one had their phones out, and you would just make us laugh while explaining to us what the area of a rectangle is. Thats what I want as a teacher is to have the respect of my class like you did from us. While being able to have the students enjoy just the simplest lectures. Thank you for being my favorite teacher and I hope when I become a teacher, I can impact my students like you did for me.

Multilingual Create a Secondary Language Profile on LinkedIn®

Multilingual Create a Secondary Language Profile on LinkedIn ® Are you bilingual or multilingual? The general rule on LinkedIn ® is that you may only have one profile; having multiple profiles is a violation of the Terms of Service that could get you booted off the site. However, there is one exception to that rule: the Secondary Language Profile. As of January 2013, over 64% of LinkedIn ® members are located outside of the US. Because such a large portion of users are multilingual and interested in connecting with people both inside and outside of English-speaking countries, LinkedIn ®Ã‚   allows users to set up additional LinkedIn ® profiles that cater to secondary languages. LinkedIn ® supports the following languages: English | Czech | Danish | Dutch | French| German | Indonesian | Italian | Japanese | Korean | Malay | Norwegian | Polish | Portuguese | Romanian | Russian| Spanish | Swedish| Tagalog | Turkish Click here for a list of languages supported by LinkedIn ® mobile applications. NOTE: You cannot change the default language of your profile once youve set it up in a particular language. Its recommended that you set up a secondary language profile instead. Creating a Profile in Another Language To create a profile in another language, go to your Profile page and click the down arrow to the right of your Edit Profile button. Select Create profile in another language:    Choose your language from the dropdown menu:    Youll also want to update your Professional Headline. Then click Create Profile. The language you select will determine the default language for your profile display and also the language in which you will receive messages from the LinkedIn Corporation. Content and messages will always be displayed in the language in which they are written. LinkedIn ® does not translate content or messages for you, so you will need to go through each section and update all necessary fields. Remember to save each section before continuing onto the next. When a member signs in to LinkedIn ® and views your profile, they will see it in the language you chose when you set up your account; or, if you have multiple profiles in several languages, viewers will see the one most relevant to them. The viewer has the ability to choose from your language profiles by selecting one from the dropdown menu underneath your profile photo.    All of your language profiles will show up in search engines and have their own URL. You can also delete a secondary language profile by select the language from this dropdown list. Just select Delete this profile link and click Delete. Let me know if this article was useful to you! Also note that the inspiration for this topic came from a question submitted by one of my readers so please do contribute your ideas if you have them! Finally, a Bonus Tip on Secondary Language Profiles has been added to the 7th Edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile coming soon!

Zara Case IT for Fast Fashion Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zara IT for Fast Fashion - Case Study Example From this paper it is clear that information technology has enabled Zara to disrupt existing technology applied in the clothing retail industry by other companies such as Inditex. Zara applies point on sale (POS) to serve its client instead of normal tallying of products at the counter. Zara switched DOS operating system to mouse technique in order to speed up its transaction at the counter. This approach made Zara compete other exiting companies such Gap, H&M, and Inditex among other clothing companies. The idea was to penetrate the market using a technology, which was not existing. Largely, Zara was able to serve clients in markets, which had competitors.This study highlights that  Zara was able to acquire more customers in a flooded market. Introduction of unique technology outweigh the preexisting technology thus reducing efficiency of the technology in comparison to the modern technology. For instance, introduction of point on sale operating system influenced the speed of comp leting transactions at the counter. Its application influences the number of clients willing to buy product from the store because many clients would like to spare time. Disruptive companies introduce products, which increase efficiency and effectiveness. Point on sale is effective because it interpret the price of the product at a glance. It redeems time because it can handle many clients at very short time. Uniqueness in product delivery usually influences consumer behavior in the market.... Point on sale is effective because it interpret the price of the product at a glance. It redeems time because it can handle many clients at very short time. Uniqueness in product delivery usually influences consumer behavior in the market. Queuing in a large store such as Zara is hectic because of large volume of clients served. Efficiency of the service provided would influence clients to buy products from the store. Apparel Industry Model Gap spends much money on advertisement because its products do not command large market share or influence. The objective of advertising is to create awareness about the existence of the product in the market and to influence consumers to buy the products (Businessweek. 2007). Gap takes long before introducing new apparel in the market. The month of August dominates the period when Gap introduced its product in the market. Gap primarily manufactures its goods in San Francisco, United States (Engler, 2004). Gap primary sources of risk in manufactur ing include delay in logistics, which influences the time a product arrives in the market. The company risks introducing out of fashion products because of the shipping time. Fashion influences retailing of clothing apparel. Gap makes money by selling its products in various markets. Gap competitive advantage is production of anti-sweat products, which many clients seem to like. Zara customer characteristics Zara’s customer characteristic consists of you people who are quick to respond to fashions in the market (Inditex 2011). Age influence demand and taste for products. Zara directs its product to young people who dwell in cities. City dwellers like responding to change in fashion by buying new products introduced. This consumer behavior has influenced

Critically assess Marxist theories of fascism Essay

Critically assess Marxist theories of fascism - Essay Example One of these reasons is timing, in that it took several generations for the Left to realize that fascism was a not a clever manipulation of the populace by the reactionary Right, but was, rather, authentically popular to the masses. Another reason is because many states, during fascism’s heyday, tried to mimic the fascist governments, even though these states were not functionally fascist, essentially trying to identify themselves as fascists by their plumage or clothing. A third reason why fascism is difficult to define is because there is such a wide disparity between regimes due to space and time, as each fascist country derived their own fascist elements from their own community identity. For instance, religion would play a greater role in any kind of United States incarnation of fascism than it would in Europe, where the fascists were pagan. A fourth difficulty in defining fascism is that there is a tenuous relationship between its ideology and fascism as put into action (Paxton, 1998, pp. 1-4). While fascism is a concept that has eluded definition, there is some comfort in knowing that Marxist definitions and critiques generally differ from non-Marxist ones, in a number of different ways. In this way, fascism has a better theoretical ground when studied in light of fascist theories of the ideology, and these Marxist theories are the focus of this paper. That said, there are a number of fundamental differences between Marxist theories of fascism and non-Marxist theories. Marxist theories of fascism differed from the non-Marxist theories of fascism, in that non-Marxist theories do not study the class and social policies of Germany and Italy under fascism, doing little to explain how these regimes dealt with taxes, social services, business and labor conditions, as well as not asking for who benefited from fascism and for whom fascism was a detriment, while these questions are at the core of the Marxist critique of fascism (Pizzo, 1998, p. 97). This i s because the Marxist ideology sees class as central to government in general, whereas non-Marxists see state governments as being above class structures (Pizzo, 1998, p. 97). In other words, to Marxists, â€Å"fascism was a mass movement that acted independent of capitalist support† (Renton, 1997, p. 2). Another major difference between Marxist critiques of fascism from non-Marxist critiques is that the latter is concerned with fascism as a mature form of governing, focusing on the essence of fascism; non-Marxists concentrate on fascism as a movement. Thus, the non-Marxist critiques of fascism concentrate ideological themes and organizational principles of fascism than do Marxist critiques (Vanaik, 1994, p. 1730). Another major difference between Marxist theories and non-Marxist theories is that Marxist theories tend to view fascism strictly in economic terms, while non-Marxist theories see fascism in psychological and personality terms (Thomas, 1991, p. 1). According to the se non-Marxist theories, fascism is a product of a diseased society in crisis, or the consequence of moral failure and these theories revolve around the concept of a sick society and a world gone mad (Davies & Lynch, 2002, p. 4). These theories try to get into the psyche of leaders who embrace the fascist ideology, such as Hitler and Mussolini, as well as the psyches of those who were ardent followers of